The facts of the matter
It's fashionable in education circles to denigrate the accumulation of "mere facts", but the truth is that a large collection of general knowledge is extremely important and useful. According to cognitive scientist Daniel T. Willingham in his book Why Don't Students Like School?, "data from the last thirty years lead to a conclusion that is not scientifically challengeable: thinking well requires knowing facts, and that's true not simply because you need something to think about. The very processes that teachers care about most - critical thinking processes such as reasoning and problem solving - are intimately intertwined with factual knowledge that is stored in long-term memory (not just found in the environment)."
Take the importance of background knowledge in reading comprehension. Quoting from Why Don't Students Like School?,
"Ashburn hit a ground ball to Wirtz, the shortstop, who threw it to Dark, the second baseman. Dark
stepped on the bag, forcing out Cremin, who was running from first, and threw it to Anderson, the
first baseman. Ashburn failed to beat the throw."
"If you're like me, this passage is hard to comprehend. There are a number of individual actions, and they are hard to tie together. but for someone who knows about baseball, it's a familiar pattern, like CNN. The sentences describe a double play.
"A number of studies have shown that people understand what they read much better if they already have some background knowledge about the subject. Part of the reason is chunking. A clever study on this point was conducted with junior high school students. Half were good readers and half were poor readers, according to standard reading tests. The researchers asked the students to read a story that described half an inning of a baseball game. As they read, the students were periodically stopped and asked to show that they understood what was happening in the story by using a model of a baseball field and players. The interesting thing about this study was that some of the students knew a lot about baseball and some knew just a little. (The researchers made sure that everyone could comprehend individual actions, for example, what happened when a player got a double.) The dramatic finding, shown in Figure 5, was that the students' knowledge of baseball determined how much they understood of the story. Whether they were 'good readers' or 'bad readers' didn't matter nearly as much as what they knew."
The bottom line for parents and teachers who want to help their children succeed in school is that they should expose the students to a wide variety of experiences and information. In a subsequent posting, I will list some of the basic principles behind helping children learn background knowledge.




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