Cognitive Load - Introduction
Yesterday's video explained that there are severe limitations on human working memory, and today's posting will outline the implications for classroom teachers (drawing heavily on Visible Learning and the Science of How We Learn, by John Hattie and Gregory Yates). One of the most important developments to emerge from research into human learning in recent years is known under the general label of cognitive load, and it's a crying shame that faculties of education are still not passing this information on to teachers.
"We have a limited working memory that stores around seven bits of information, but operates on only between two to four elements at a time....Working memory has no known limitations when dealing with information retrieved from long-term memory....Long-term memories exist in the form of cognitive schemata....The complex schemata you develop will organize your knowledge and dramatically reduce working memory load."
"A highly experienced physician may glance at a patient's information and literally see 'Huntington's disease'. But the novice medical student struggles to apprehend a collection of diverse symptoms and needs skills to see the relationships such that a diagnosis of Huntington's is possible. To the expert, the pattern is a single meaningful chunk. To the novice, the same stimulus events present a myriad of relatively unconnected facts, which cannot all be held in working memory at once. The novice is overwhelmed since working memory capacity is exceeded. But any such memory limitations have disappeared for the expert who calls on long-term memory. When your knowledge becomes so automatic that you can access it quickly, with virtually no effort, then the working memory system is said to be bypassed through to the automaticity stage - a most desirable place to be."
Three important pedagogical principles emerge:
- Novices need to be taught differently from experts.
- Working memory can easily become overwhelmed when dealing with novel or unorganized information.
- There are instructional techniques to help novices by changing cognitive load impositions.
I will elaborate on each of these principles in subsequent postings.





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